Ozone Hole Retreat Shows Climate Science Triumph

Satellite data of the ozone sensor on Europe’s MetOp weather satellite, the hole over Antarctica in 2012 was the smallest in the last 10 years.

This is in line with the instruments ongoing long-term monitoring of atmospheric ozone started by its predecessors on the ERS-2 and Envisat satellites, showing that Earth’s ozone has been strengthening following international agreements to protect this vital layer of the atmosphere. These and additional observations are consolidated by ESA Climate Change Initiative to generate harmonised ozone climate data records in order to document the variability of ozone changes better at different scales in space and time.

Man-made chemicals had alarming consequences that were detected in the beginning of the 1980s – an ozone hole was developing over Antarctica during the southern spring resulting in a decrease in ozone concentration of up to 70%.

Ozone depletion is more extreme in Antarctica than at the North Pole because high wind speeds cause a fast-rotating vortex of cold air, leading to extremely low temperatures. Under these conditions, human-made chlorofluorocarbons – CFCs – have a stronger effect on the ozone, depleting it and creating the infamous hole.

Reduced ozone over the southern hemisphere means that people living there are more exposed to cancer-causing ultraviolet radiation. But international agreements on protecting the ozone layer – particularly the 1987 Montreal Protocol – have stopped the increase of CFC concentrations, and a drastic fall has been observed since the mid-1990s.

However, the long lifetimes of CFCs in the atmosphere mean it may take until the middle of this century for the stratosphere’s chlorine content to go back to values like those of the 1960s.

The ozone layer is affected by the interplay between atmospheric chemistry and dynamics like wind and temperature. If weather and atmospheric conditions show unusual behaviour, it can result in extreme ozone conditions – such as the record low observed in spring 2011 in the Arctic – or last year’s unusually small Antarctic ozone hole. NASA released images showing this, attributing the progress in part on last year's unusually warm weather.

To understand these complex processes better, scientists rely on a long time series of data derived from observations and on results from numerical simulations based on complex atmospheric models.

Although ozone has been observed over several decades with multiple instruments, combining the existing observations from many different sensors to produce consistent and homogeneous data suitable for scientific analysis is a difficult task.

But with the consolidated records of the ESA Climate Change Initiative , scientists can now better estimate the timing of the ozone layer recovery, and in particular the closure of the ozone hole. Chemistry climate models utilizing this data suggest that the ozone layer will be building up continuously.